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Rückseite des Blattes Stanford '07. Der obere Text umfasst Sure 2 (al-Baqarah, die Kuh) Verse 265-271.

Das Palimpsest von Sana'a (auch Ṣanʿā' 1 oder DAM 01-27.1) ist eine der ältesten Koranhandschriften, die es gibt Das Manuskript, das zu einem umfangreichen Bestand an Koran- und anderen Fragmenten gehört, die 1972 bei der Restaurierung der Großen Moschee von Sana'a im Jemen entdeckt wurden, wurde 1981 als Palimpsest-Koran identifiziert, da es auf Pergament geschrieben ist und zwei Textschichten umfasst.

• Der obere Text entspricht im Text und in der Standardreihenfolge der Suren weitgehend dem uthmanischen Koran,
• während der untere Text viele Abweichungen vom Standardtext enthält und die Reihenfolge der Suren keiner bekannten koranischen Reihenfolge entspricht.

Eine teilweise Rekonstruktion des unteren Textes wurde 2012 veröffentlicht; und eine Rekonstruktion der lesbaren Teile des unteren und oberen Textes der 38 Blätter im Sana'a House of Manuscripts wurde 2017 unter Verwendung nachbearbeiteter digitaler Bilder des unteren Textes publiziert. Eine Radiokarbonanalyse hat das Pergament eines der abgetrennten Blätter, das bei der Auktion verkauft worden war, und damit auch den unteren Text, mit einer Genauigkeit von 95 % auf die Zeit zwischen 578 n. Chr. und 669 n. Chr. datiert. Die frühesten Blätter wurden in drei Labors untersucht und auf 388-535 n. Chr. datiert. Andere Blätter weisen ähnlich frühe Datierungen auf.

Geschichte

Entdeckung

1972 stießen Bauarbeiter bei der Renovierung einer Wand im Dachgeschoss der Großen Moschee von Sana'a in der Arabischen Republik Jemen auf große Mengen alter Manuskripte und Pergamente, von denen viele beschädigt waren. Ohne sich ihrer Bedeutung bewusst zu sein, sammelten die Arbeiter die Dokumente ein, packten sie in etwa zwanzig Kartoffelsäcke und ließen sie auf der Treppe eines der Minarette der Moschee liegen.

Isma'il al-Akwa' bin Ali, der damalige Präsident der jemenitischen Altertumsbehörde, erkannte die potenzielle Bedeutung des Fundes. Al-Akwa' bemühte sich um internationale Unterstützung bei der Untersuchung und Konservierung der Fragmente und konnte 1979 einen deutschen Gastwissenschaftler gewinnen, der wiederum die westdeutsche Regierung davon überzeugte, ein Restaurierungsprojekt zu organisieren und zu finanzieren. Die erhaltenen Fragmente umfassen koranisches und nicht-koranisches Material.

Das Restaurierungsprojekt

Die Restaurierung der Fragmente begann 1980 unter der Aufsicht der jemenitischen Altertumsbehörde. Sie wurde von der Kulturabteilung des Auswärtigen Amtes finanziert. Der Fund umfasst 12.000 koranische Pergamentfragmente. Mit Ausnahme von 1500-2000 Fragmenten wurden sie 1997 insgesamt 926 verschiedenen Koranhandschriften zugeordnet. Keines der Fragmente ist vollständig und viele enthalten nur einige wenige Blätter pro Stück. Albrecht Noth (Universität Hamburg) war der Leiter des Projekts. Die Arbeiten vor Ort begannen 1981 und dauerten bis Ende 1989, als das Projekt mit dem Ende der Finanzierung eingestellt wurde. Gerd-Rüdiger Puin (Universität des Saarlandes) war ab 1981 Leiter des Projekts. Sein Engagement endete 1985, als Hans-Caspar Graf von Bothmer (Universität des Saarlandes) die Leitung vor Ort übernahm. Bothmer verließ Sana'a im darauffolgenden Jahr, leitete das Projekt aber weiterhin von Deutschland aus und reiste fast jedes Jahr nach Sana'a.

Ab 1982 war Ursula Dreibholz als Restauratorin für das Projekt tätig und arbeitete bis Ende 1989 Vollzeit in Sana'a . Sie schloss die Restaurierung der Handschriften ab. Sie konzipierte auch die ständige Aufbewahrung, stellte viele Pergamentfragmente zusammen, um die einzelnen Koranhandschriften zu identifizieren, und leitete das jemenitische Personal dabei an. Die Manuskripte befinden sich im Haus der Manuskripte, dem Dār al-Makhṭūṭāt (DAM), in Sana'a, Jemen. Nach 1989 besuchte Bothmer die Sammlung in regelmäßigen Abständen. Im Winter 1996/97 mikroverfilmte er alle Pergamentfragmente, die bestimmten Koranhandschriften zugeordnet werden konnten. Von den verbleibenden 1500-2000 Fragmenten mikroverfilmte er eine Gruppe von 280. Die Mikrofilme sind in Sana'a im Haus der Manuskripte erhältlich. Eine Auswahl von 651 Bildern von Fragmenten aus dem Sana'a-Cache - darunter mehrere aus DAM 01-27.1 - wurde auf einer CD-ROM im Rahmen des UNESCO-Programms „Memory of the World“ veröffentlicht.

Das Sana'a-Palimpsest erhielt die Katalognummer DAM 01-27.1, was auf ein Manuskript mit variablen Zeilen pro Seite (daher „01“), einer Zeilenlänge von ca. 27 cm und dem Sequenzindikator „1“ verweist. Bis 2015 wurden etwa 38 Folio-Fragmente identifiziert, die wahrscheinlich zu dieser Handschrift gehören. Ab 2007 erstellte ein italienisch-französisches Team unter der Leitung von Sergio Noja Noseda und Christian Robin neue hochauflösende Digitalbilder von DAM 01-27.1 (und anderen ausgewählten Manuskripten im Bestand) sowohl unter natürlichem als auch unter ultraviolettem Licht, die seitdem von Alba Fedeli einer umfangreichen computergestützten Nachbearbeitung unterzogen wurden, um die oberen und unteren Texte zu trennen. Die hochauflösenden Bilder bilden die Grundlage für die Editionen von Sadeghi und Goudarzi sowie von Asma Hilali.

Contents of the manuscript

The manuscript is a palimpsest, meaning the parchment was written over once (the "lower" text), then its text was erased, and then it was written over a second time (the "upper" text) with this process potentially being repeated over time with the same parchment. In the Sana'a palimpsest, both the upper and the lower text are the Qur'an written in the Hijazi script. The upper text appears to have been presented a complete text of the Qur'an, but whether this was also the case for the lower text remains an issue of scholarly debate. In the standard Qur'an, the suras are presented in an approximate sequence of decreasing length; hence a fragmentary Qur'an that follows the standard order of suras can generally be assumed to have once presented the complete text, but the contrary is not the case.

The manuscript that was discovered, however, is not complete. About 82 folios have been identified as possible sheets presenting the upper text, of which 38 are in Yemen's Dār al-Makhṭūṭāt (House of Manuscripts)Vorlage:Sfn and 4 in private collections (after being auctioned abroad).Vorlage:Sfn In addition in 2012, 40 palimpsest folios conserved in the Eastern Library of the Grand Mosque in Sana’a and published in 2004, were recognised as likely being detached folios of the upper text of DAM 01-27.1.Vorlage:Sfn Many of the folios in the House of Manuscripts are physically incomplete and in only 28 is the upper writing legible (due to damage),Vorlage:Sfn whereas those in private possessionVorlage:Sfn or held by the Eastern Library are generally in a better condition.Vorlage:Sfn These 82 folios comprise roughly half of the Quran. The parchment is of inferior quality; many folios having holes around which both upper and lower text have been written. However, when the scale of the writing and the provision of marginal spaces is taken into account, the overall quantity of animal hides implied as being committed to the production of a full manuscript of the Qur'an would not have been less than for such high quality Qur'ans as the Codex Parisino-petropolitanus (BNF Arabe 328(ab)).

Upper text

The upper text conforms closely with that underlying the modern Quran in use, and has been dated as probably from sometime between the end of the 7th and the beginning of the 8th century CE.Vorlage:Sfn Asma Hilali provides a full transcription of the upper text from the 26 legible folios in the House of Manuscripts, and found 17 non-orthographic variants in these pages, where readings differ from those in the "standard" Qur'an text, as presented in the 1924 Cairo edition. Five of these 17 variants in the upper text correspond to known Qira'at readings in the tradition of quranic variants.

The density of the writing of the upper text varies from page to page and within pages; such that the amount of text transcribed on each page varies from 18.5 lines of the standard Cairo edition to as many as 37 lines. Subsequent to the completion of the text, polychrome decoration has been added in the form of bands separating the suras, and indicators of 10, 50 and 100 verse divisions in a variety of particular forms. Much of these decorations are unfinished. In addition, the upper text formerly included individual verse separators – some contemporary with the text, others inserted later. The counts of verses corresponding to the polychrome verse indicators are not consistent with the counts of individual verse indicators, implying that the former were copied across other Qur'ans.

Lower text

The surviving lower text from 36 of the folios in the House of Manuscripts, together with the lower text from those auctioned abroad, were published in March 2012 in a long essay by Behnam Sadeghi (Professor of Islamic Studies at Stanford University) and Mohsen Goudarzi (PhD student at Harvard University).Vorlage:Sfn Prior to that, in 2010, Behnam Sadeghi had published an extensive study of the four folios auctioned abroad, and analyzed their variants using textual critical methods.Vorlage:Sfn The German scholar Elisabeth Puin (lecturer at Saarland University), whose husband was the local director of the restoration project until 1985, has also transcribed the lower text of several folios in five successive publications.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:SfnVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn The lower text of the palimpsest folios in the Eastern Library has not been studied or published yet, and it is not known how many of these folios may witness the same lower text as those in the House of Manuscripts; however, it appears likely that the four auctioned folios (whose lower texts have been studied, and which do appear to witness the same lower text) came from this section of the manuscript, and not from DAM 01-27.1.

The lower text was erased and written over, but due to the presence of metals in the ink, the lower text has resurfaced, and now appears in a light brown color, the visibility of which can be enhanced in ultra-violet light.Vorlage:Sfn Parchment was expensive and durable, and so it was common practice to scrape the writing from disused and damaged texts for potential re-use. But while there are other known instances of disused Qur'ans being reused for other texts, there are only a few known instances of a new Qur'an being written using re-used parchment, and all these examples are believed to have been from the Sana'a cache. The re-use in this case may have been purely for economic reasons. Otherwise Asma Hilali has proposed that both the upper and lower text show characteristics of being schoolroom "exercises" in quranic writing, in which case scraping and re-use was to be expected. Alternatively, the standardization of the Quranic text around 650 CE by 'Uthmān may have led to a non-standard lower text becoming obsolete, and erased in accordance with authoritative instructions to that effect.Vorlage:Sfn

In places, individual readings in the lower text appear to have been corrected in a separate hand to conform better to corresponding readings in the standard Qur'an. Elizabeth Puin has termed this hand the 'lower modifier', and proposes that these correction were undertaken before the whole lower text was erased or washed off.

Although the suras of the lower text do not follow the canonical order and have many additional words and phrases, nevertheless, with only two exceptions, within each sura, the surviving lower text presents the same verses as the standard Qur'an and in exactly the same order – the exceptions being in sura 20, where Sadeghi and Goudarzi find that verses 31 and 32 are transposed, and in sura 9, where Sadeghi and Goudarzi find that the whole of verse 85 is absent (neither of these passages of the lower text are in folios that Asma Hilali found to be legible). Some of the variants between the lower text and the standard Qur'an are provided by Sadeghi and Goudarzi below.Vorlage:Sfn

Location	Visible Traces	Reconstruction	Standard Text
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).191 Stanford folio, recto, l. 4, p. 44	ﺣ/ / ٮٯٮـ(ـلو) کم	حَتّی يُقـٰتِلوکُم	حَتَّىٰ يُقَـٰتِلُوكُمْ Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).191 Stanford folio, recto, l. 5, p. 44	د لک جز ا ا لکڡر ٮں	ذَٰلِکَ جَزاءُ الکـٰفِرينَ	Vorlage:Fontcolorذَٰلِكَ جَزَآءُ ٱلْكَـٰفِرِينَ
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).192 Stanford folio, recto, l. 5, p. 44	ا نتـ(ﻬ)ـﻮ	إنتَهَو	انتَهَوVorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).193 Stanford folio, recto, l. 6, p. 44	حتا	حَتّا	حَتّی
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).193 Stanford folio, recto, l. 7, p. 44	و ٮکو ں ا لد ٮں کله ﻟ[ﻠ]ﻪ	و يَكُونَ الدِّينُ Vorlage:Fontcolor لِلَّـهِ	وَيَكُونَ ٱلدِّينُ لِلَّـهِ
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).194 Stanford folio, recto, l. 10, p. 44	و من اعتدی	Vorlage:Fontcolor مَنِ اعتَدَی	Vorlage:Fontcolorـمَنِ ٱعْتَدَى
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).194 Stanford folio, recto, l. 11, p. 44	ڡا ﻋٮـ/ / و	فاعتدو	فَٱعْتَدُوVorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).194 Stanford folio, recto, l. 11, p. 44	ما اعتد ی علٮكم ٮه	مَا اعتَدَی عَلَيكُم Vorlage:Fontcolor	مَا ٱعْتَدَىٰ عَلَيْكُمْ
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).196 Stanford folio, recto, l. 17, p. 44	ڡـﻤ// تٮسر مں ا لهد ی	فَما Vorlage:Fontcolor مِن الهَدی	فما Vorlage:Fontcolor مِنَ ٱلْهَدْىِ
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).196 Stanford folio, recto, l. 17, p. 44	و لا تحلٯو ا	وَلَا تَحلِقُوا	وَلَا تَحْلِقُوا Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).196 Stanford folio, recto, l. 18, p. 44	ڡا ﮞ كا ﮞ ا حد ﻣٮكم	فَإن كان Vorlage:Fontcolor مِنكُم	فَمَن كَانَ مِنكُم
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).196 Stanford folio, recto, l. 19, p. 45	ڡد ٮه	فِديَةٌ	Vorlage:Fontcolorفِديَةٌ
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).196 Stanford folio, recto, l. 20, p. 45	مں صٮم او نسک	مِن صِيٰمٍ أَو نُسُكٍ	مِن صِيَامٍ Vorlage:Fontcolor أَوْ نُسُكٍ
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).209 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 5, p. 46	مں [ٮـ]ﻌﺪ (ما ﺣ)ﺎ کم ا ﻟ(ﻬد) [ی]؛	مِّن بَعْدِ مَا جَآءَكُمُ Vorlage:Fontcolor	مِّن بَعْدِ مَا جَآءَتْكُمُ Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).210 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 6, p. 46	هل ٮـ//ـﻄﺮ (و ﮞ) ا لا ا ﮞ (ٮـ)ﺎ ٮـ(ـٮـ)ﮑﻢ ا ﻟﻠﻪ	هَلْ Vorlage:Fontcolor إِلَّا أَن Vorlage:Fontcolor ٱللَّـهُ	هَلْ Vorlage:Fontcolor إِلَّا أَن Vorlage:Fontcolor ٱللَّـهُ
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).211 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 9, p. 46	ا لعڡٮ	ٱلْعِقٰبِ	ٱلْعِقَابِ
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).213 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 12, p. 46	ڡﺎ // (ﺳ)ـﻞ ا لـلـه	فَـVorlage:Fontcolor اللهُ	فَــVorlage:Fontcolor ٱللَّـهُ
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).213 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 13, p. 46	ﻟ(ـٮـحکمو ا ٮـ)ـٮں ا لٮا س	لِـVorlage:Fontcolor بَيْنَ ٱلنَّاسِ	لِـVorlage:Fontcolor بَيْنَ ٱلنَّاسِ
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).213 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 15, p. 46	ا ﻟٮـ(ـٮـٮـ)ـٮت	ٱلْبَيِّنَٮٰتُ	ٱلْبَيِّنَـٰتُ Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).214 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 17, p. 46	ا (ﺣﺴ)ـٮٮم	Vorlage:Fontcolor حَسِبْتُمْ	Vorlage:Fontcolor حَسِبْتُمْ
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).214 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 17, p. 46	ا ﻟ[ـﺪ ٮں] (ﻣ)ـﮟ [ٯٮـ]ـلکم	ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِكُم	ٱلَّذِينَ Vorlage:Fontcolor مِن قَبْلِكُم
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).214 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 18, p. 47	ا لٮسا	ٱلْبَٔسَاءُ	ٱلْبَأْسَاءُ
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).215 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 20, p. 47	ٮـ(ـسا) لو ٮک	يَسْأَلُونَكَ	يَسْـَٔلُونَكَ
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).217 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 25, p. 47	عں ا ﻟ(ﺴ)ﻬﺮ ا لحر (م) [و] ﻋ(ـں) ٯٮل ڡـ[ـٮـ]ﻪ	عَنِ ٱلشَّهْرِ ٱلْحَرٰمِ Vorlage:Fontcolor قِتٰلٍ فِيهِ	عَنِ ٱلشَّهْرِ ٱلْحَرَامِ قِتَالٍ فِيهِ
Quran 2 (al-Baqarah).217 David 86/2003 folio, recto, l. 26, p. 47	؛/--/ [و] (ﺻ)[ﺪ] عں /------/؛	وَصَدٌّ عَن سَبِيلِهِVorlage:Sfn	وَصَدٌّ عَن سَبِيلِ Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 11 (Hūd).105 Folio 4, recto, l. 1, p. 51	ا (لا) مں ا {------}؛	إلّا مَن أَذِنَ لَه	إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهِ
Quran 11 (Hūd).122 Folio 4, verso, l. 4, p. 52	ا / / (ﻣﻌ)[ﮑ]/ / {--------}؛	إِنَّا Vorlage:Fontcolor مُنتَظِرُونَ	إِنَّا مُنتَظِرُونَ
Quran 8 (al-Anfāl).2 Folio 4, verso, l. 12, p. 52	ڡـ(ﺮ) ٯـٮ	Vorlage:Fontcolor	Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 8 (al-Anfāl).2 Folio 4, verso, l. 13, p. 52	ا ٮـ(ـٮٮـ)ﺎ	ءَايَـٰتُنا	ءَايَـٰتُهُ
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).122 Folio 22, recto, l. 3, p. 62	ما [كـ]ﺎ ﮞ	مَا كَانَ	Vorlage:Fontcolorمَا كَانَ
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).122 Folio 22, recto, l. 4, p. 62	مں كل ا ﻣﻪ	مِن كُلِّ Vorlage:Fontcolor	مِن كُلِّ Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).124 Folio 22, recto, l. 9, p. 62	و ا د ا ا ٮر لٮ	وَإِذَا أُنزِلَتْ	وَإِذَا Vorlage:Fontcolor أُنزِلَتْ
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).125 Folio 22, recto, l. 12, p. 62	ڡی ٯلو ٮهم ر حس	فِى قُلُوبِهِم Vorlage:Fontcolor	فِى قُلُوبِهِم Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).125 Folio 22, recto, l. 13, p. 62	ر حر ا ا لی ر ﺣﺴ[ﻬ]ـﻢ	Vorlage:Fontcolor إِلَىٰ رِجْسِهِمْ	Vorlage:Fontcolor إِلَىٰ رِجْسِهِمْ
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).125 Folio 22, recto, l. 13, p. 62	و ما ٮو ا و هم ڡـ(ـﺴٯـ)[ـﻮ] ﮞ	وَمَاتُوا۟ وَهُمْ Vorlage:Fontcolor	وَمَاتُوا۟ وَهُمْ Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).126 Folio 22, recto, l. 13, p. 62	ا [و] / / ٮر و	أَوَلَا Vorlage:Fontcolor	أَوَلَا Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).126 Folio 22, recto, l. 15, p. 62	و لا ٮـ(ـٮـ)ـﺪ كر و ﮞ	وَلَا يَتَذَكَّرُونَ	وَلَا هُمْ يَذَّكَّرُونَ
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).127 Folio 22, recto, l. 15, p. 62	و ا د ا ا [ٮـ]ـﺮ (ﻟ)ـٮ	وَإِذَا أُنزِلَتْ	وَإِذَا Vorlage:Fontcolor أُنزِلَتْ
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).127 Folio 22, recto, l. 16, p. 62	هل ٮر ٮٮا	هَلْ Vorlage:Fontcolor	هَلْ Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).127 Folio 22, recto, l. 17, p. 62	ڡا ٮـ[ـﺼ](ـﺮ) ڡـ(ـﻮ) ا	Vorlage:Fontcolorﭑنصَرَفُوا	Vorlage:Fontcolor انصَرَفُوا
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).127 Folio 22, recto, l. 17, p. 62	ڡصر ڡ ا ﻟـﻠـﻪ	Vorlage:Fontcolorـصَرَفَ اللهُ	صَرَفَ ٱللَّـهُ
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).127 Folio 22, recto, l. 17, p. 62	د لک ٮـ(ﺎ ٮـ)//[ـﻢ] (ٯـ)ـﻮ م لا ٮڡٯهو ﮞ	Vorlage:Fontcolor بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ	بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).128 Folio 22, recto, l. 18, p. 62	و لٯد حا کم	Vorlage:Fontcolorلَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ	لَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).128 Folio 22, recto, l. 18, p. 62	ر سو ل ﻣٮـ(ﮑ)ـﻢ	رَسولٌ Vorlage:Fontcolor	رَسُولٌ Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).128 Folio 22, recto, l. 19, p. 63	عر ٮر (ﻋ)ﻠ[ـٮـ](ﻪ) ما عٮٮکم	عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَا Vorlage:Fontcolor	عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَا Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).129 Folio 22, recto, l. 20, p. 63	ڡا / / (ٮـ)ـﻮ لو ا [ﻋ](ـٮـ)ـﮏ	فَإن تَوَلَّوْا Vorlage:Fontcolor	فَإن تَوَلَّوْا
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah).129 Folio 22, recto, l. 21, p. 63	ا لد ی لا ا ﻟ[ﻪ] ا لا ﻫﻮ	Vorlage:Fontcolor لَا إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ	لَا إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ
Quran 19 (Maryam).2 Folio 22, recto, l. 24, p. 63	ر ﺣ[ـﻤ]ﻪ	رَحْمَةِ	رَحْمَتِ
Quran 19 (Maryam).3 Folio 22, recto, l. 25, p. 63	ا د ٮا د ی ر ٮک ر ﻛ[ـر] ٮا	إِذْ نَادَىٰ رَبَّـVorlage:Fontcolor	إِذْ نَادَىٰ رَبَّـVorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 19 (Maryam).4 Folio 22, recto, l. 25, p. 63	و ٯل ر ٮی	Vorlage:Fontcolorقٰلَ رَبِّـVorlage:Fontcolor	قالَ رَبِّ
Quran 19 (Maryam).4 Folio 22, recto, l. 26, p. 63	و ٯل ر ٮی ا سٮعل ا لر ا س سٮٮا	وَقٰلَ رَبِّي ٱشْتَعَلَ ٱلرَّأْسُ شَيْباً	قَالَ رَبِّ Vorlage:Fontcolor وَٱشْتَعَلَ ٱلرَّأْسُ شَيْبًا
Quran 19 (Maryam).4 Folio 22, recto, l. 26, p. 63	و لم ا کں ر ٮ ٮـ(ـد) عا ک	وَلَمْ أَکُنْ Vorlage:Fontcolor	وَلَمْ أَكُن Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 19 (Maryam).5 Folio 22, recto, l. 27, p. 63	و ﺣ(ڡـ)ـٮ ا لمو ل مں و [ر] ا ی	وَ خِفْتُ ٱلْمَوَٰل مِن وَرٰاءِى	وَVorlage:Fontcolor خِفْتُ ٱلْمَوَٰلِىَ مِن وَرٰاءِى
Quran 19 (Maryam).7 Folio 22, verso, l. 2-3, p. 63	؛{-----------------} (ٯد) و هٮٮا لک علما ر کٮا ۝ و ٮسر ٮه {----------------}(ﻪ) مں ٯـٮـ(ـﻞ) ﺳ//ـﻤٮـﺎ	؛{يَـٰزَكَرِيَّا إِنَّا} قَد وَهَبْنَا لَكَ غُلٰماً زَكِيَّاً ۝ وَبَشَّرْنٰهُ {بِيَحْيیٰ لَمْ نَجْعَل ﻟَّ}ﻪُ مِن قَبْلُ سَمِيًّاVorlage:Sfn	يَـٰزَكَرِيَّا إِنَّا نُبَشِّرُكَ بِغُلَـٰمٍ ٱسْمُهُ يَحْيَىٰ لَمْ نَجْعَل لَّهُ مِن قَبْلُ سَمِيًّا
Quran 19 (Maryam).8 Folio 22, verso, l. 3-4, p. 63	ا //ﻰ ٮـ(ﮑ)ـﻮ ﮞ لی (ﻋ)ـلم {---------------} ﻟ[ﮑ]ـٮر عٮٮا	أَنَّىٰ يَكُونُ لِى غُلَـٰمٌ {وَقَدْ بَلَغْتُ مِنَ ٱ} لْكِبَرِ عِتِيًّا	أَنَّىٰ يَكُونُ لِى غُلَـٰمٌ Vorlage:Fontcolor وَقَدْ بَلَغْتُ مِنَ ٱلْكِبَرِ عِتِيًّا
Quran 19 (Maryam).9 Folio 22, verso, l. 5, p. 63	و لم ٮک سا ی	وَلَمْ تَكُ Vorlage:Fontcolor	وَلَمْ تَكُ Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 19 (Maryam).11 Folio 22, verso, l. 7, p. 64	؛{-}ـم حرح	؛{ثُـ}ـمَّ خَرَجَ	Vorlage:Fontcolorـخَرَجَ
Quran 19 (Maryam).11 Folio 22, verso, l. 7, p. 64	ا (و) ﺣ(ﻰ) ا ﻟ(ـٮـ)ﻬﻢ	أَوْحَىٰ إِلَيْهِمْ	Vorlage:Fontcolorـأَوْحَىٰ إِلَيْهِمْ
Quran 19 (Maryam).12 Folio 22, verso, l. 8, p. 64	و علمٮه ا ﻟ(ـﺤ)ﮑﻢ	وَVorlage:Fontcolor الْحُكْمَ	وَVorlage:Fontcolor الْحُكْمَ صَبِيًّا
Quran 19 (Maryam).13 Folio 22, verso, l. 9, p. 64	حننا	حَنٰناً	Vorlage:Fontcolorحَنَاناً
Quran 19 (Maryam).14 Folio 22, verso, l. 10, p. 64	و لم ٮک	وَلَمْ Vorlage:Fontcolor	وَلَمْ Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 19 (Maryam).15 Folio 22, verso, l. 10, p. 64	و علٮه ا لسلم	وَعَلَيْهِ السَّلٰمُ	وَسَلَـٰمٌ عَلَيْهِ
Quran 19 (Maryam).19 Folio 22, verso, l. 15, p. 64	لنهب	Vorlage:Fontcolor	Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 19 (Maryam).21 Folio 22, verso, l. 17, p. 64	و هو ﻋﻠ//(ﻪ) ﻫ(ـٮـ)ـﮟ	Vorlage:Fontcolorهُوَ Vorlage:Fontcolor هَيِّنٌ Vorlage:Fontcolor	هُوَ عَلَىَّ هَيِّنٌ
Quran 19 (Maryam).21 Folio 22, verso, l. 18, p. 64	و [ا] مر ا مٯصٮا	وَأَمْرًا مَّقْضِيًّا	وَVorlage:Fontcolor أَمْرًا مَّقْضِيًّا
Quran 19 (Maryam).22 Folio 22, verso, l. 18, p. 64	ڡحملٮ	فَحَمَلَتْ	فَحَمَلَتْـVorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 19 (Maryam).23 Folio 22, verso, l. 19, p. 64	ڡـﻠﻤ// ا حا ها ا لمحص	فَـVorlage:Fontcolor أَجَاءَهَا ٱلْمَخٰضُ	فَأَجَاءَهَا ٱلْمَخَاضُ
Quran 19 (Maryam).23 Folio 22, verso, l. 20, p. 65	ٯٮل هد ا ا ﻟ(ـٮـ)[ـو] م	قَبْلَ هَـٰذَا Vorlage:Fontcolor	قَبْلَ هَـٰذَا
Quran 19 (Maryam).24 Folio 22, verso, l. 20-21, p. 65	ڡٮـ[ـد] ٮها مں ٮـﺤٮـﻬ/----------/ ا لا ٮحر ٮی	فَنٰدٮٰهَا مِن تَحْتِهَـ/ـا مَلَكٌ/ أَلَّا تَحْزَنِى Vorlage:Sfn	فَنَادَىٰهَا مِن تَحْتِهَا أَلَّا تَحْزَنِى
Quran 19 (Maryam).26 Folio 22, verso, l. 23, p. 65	و ٯـ// [ی] ﻋ(ـٮٮـ)ﺎ ۝	وَقَرِّى عَيْنًا Vorlage:Fontcolor	وَقَرِّى عَيْنًا
Quran 19 (Maryam).26 Folio 22, verso, l. 24, p. 65	ﺻ[ـﻮ] (ما) [و ﺻﻤ]ـٮا	صَوْماً Vorlage:Fontcolor	صَوْماً
Quran 19 (Maryam).26 Folio 22, verso, l. 24, p. 65	ﻟﮟ ا کلم	لَنْ أُکَلِّمَ	Vorlage:Fontcolorـلَنْ أُكَلِّمَ
Quran 19 (Maryam).27 Folio 22, verso, l. 25, p. 65	؛//ﺎ [ٮـ](ـت ٯو) [ﻣﻬ] ﺎ	فَأَتَتْ قَوْمَهَا	فَأَتَتْ Vorlage:Fontcolor قَوْمَهَا
Quran 19 (Maryam).27 Folio 22, verso, l. 25, p. 65	لٯد ا ﺗٮت	لَقَدْ Vorlage:Fontcolor	لَقَدْ Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 19 (Maryam).28 Folio 22, verso, l. 26, p. 65	ما کا (ﮞ) ا ٮو [ک] (ا ٮا) //[ﻮ] ا	مَا كَانَ أَبُوكِ أَباً سُوءاً	مَا كَانَ أَبُوكِ ٱمْرَأَ سَوْءٍ
Quran 12 (Yūsuf).19 Folio 31, recto, l. 4-5, p. 71	ْو {------} (ﻋﻠٮـ)// ٮـﻌ[ﺺ] (ا) ﻟ[ﺴ]/ /؛	و {جَاءَت} Vorlage:Fontcolor السَّيَّارَةِ	وَجَاءَتْ سَيَّارَةٌ
Quran 12 (Yūsuf).19 Folio 31, recto, l. 6, p. 71	و ٯل	Vorlage:Fontcolorقٰلَ	قَالَ
Quran 12 (Yūsuf).19 Folio 31, recto, l. 7, p. 71	و (ا) ﻟ[ﻠﻪ] ﻋﻠ//ـﻢ ٮـﻤ(ﺎ) ٮڡعلو{}ﮞ	وَٱللَّـهُ عَلِيمٌ بِمَا Vorlage:Fontcolor	وَٱللَّـهُ عَلِيمٌ بِمَا Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 12 (Yūsuf).28 Folio 31, verso, l. 4, p. 72	ٯل ا //[ﻪ] (ﻛ)[ـٮد] ﻛﮟ	قٰلَ إِنَّهُ كَيْدَكُنَّ	قَالَ إِنَّهُ Vorlage:Fontcolor كَيْدِكُنَّ
Quran 12 (Yūsuf).30 Folio 31, verso, l. 5, p. 72	ٮسو (ه) مں ا (هل) ا لمد [ٮـ]ـٮه	نِسْوَةٌ Vorlage:Fontcolor ٱلْمَدِينَةِ	نِسْوَةٌ Vorlage:Fontcolor ٱلْمَدِينَةِ
Quran 12 (Yūsuf).30 Folio 31, verso, l. 5-6, p. 72	؛{---------------}/ / ٯـ(ـﺪ ﺳ)ﻌ(ڡـ)[ﻬﺎ] (ﺣ)[ـٮ] ڡٮـ//(ﻬ)ﺎ	؛{ٱمْرَأَتُ ٱلْعَزِيزِ} قَدْ شَغَفَهَا حُبُّ Vorlage:FontcolorVorlage:Sfn	ٱمْرَأَتُ ٱلْعَزِيزِ Vorlage:Fontcolor قَدْ شَغَفَهَا حُبًّا
Quran 12 (Yūsuf).31 Folio 31, verso, l. 7, p. 72	ڡلما ﺳﻤ[ﻌ]/ / مکر[ﻫ]ـﮟ	فَلَمَّا سَمِعَتْ مَكْرَهُنَّ	فَلَمَّا سَمِعَتْ Vorlage:Fontcolorـمَكْرِهِنَّ
Quran 12 (Yūsuf).31 Folio 31, verso, l. 8, p. 72	و{ } ﺣ(ﻌ)ﻠ/ / ﻟ(ﻬ)/ / (ﻣٮـﮑ)//؛	وَVorlage:Fontcolor لَهُنَّ مُتَّكَـًٔا	وَVorlage:Fontcolor لَهُنَّ مُتَّكَـًٔا
Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).15 Folio 28, recto, l. 1, p. 102	و ٯلو ا هد ا {------}//ٮٮں	وَقٰلوا هذا سِحرٌ مُبينٌ	وَقالوا Vorlage:Fontcolor هـٰذا Vorlage:Fontcolor سِحرٌ مُبينٌ
Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).19 Folio 28, recto, l. 4, p. 102	/ /ڡا د ا ﻫ[ـﻢ] ﻣﺤ(ـﺼ)ـﺮ	فَإذا هُم Vorlage:Fontcolor	فَإِذا هُم Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).22 Folio 28, recto, l. 6, p. 102	ا ٮـ(ﻌٮـ)ﻮ ا	Vorlage:Fontcolor	Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).22 Folio 28, recto, l. 6, p. 102	ﻃـ//[ـﻤ]ـﻮ ا { }	الَّذينَ ظَلَموا	الَّذينَ ظَلَموا Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).23 Folio 28, recto, l. 8, p. 102	صر ٮط ا (ﻟﺤ)ﺤٮم	Vorlage:Fontcolor الجَحيم	Vorlage:Fontcolor الجَحيمِ
Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).25 Folio 28, recto, l. 9, p. 103	/ / لا ٮٮٮصرو	لا تَنٮٰصَرون or لا تَتَنٰصَرون	لا تَناصَرون
Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).27 Folio 28, recto, l. 10, p. 103	ڡـ(ﺎ ٯـ)ـٮل	Vorlage:Fontcolorﺄ قبَلَ	Vorlage:Fontcolorأَقبَلَ
Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).48 Folio 28, verso, l. 3, p. 103	ﻋ(ـٮـ)[ـد] هم	عِندَهُم	Vorlage:Fontcolorعِندَهُم
Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).50 Folio 28, verso, l. 4, p. 103	علا	عَلا	عَلی
Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).54 Folio 28, verso, l. 7, p. 103	ٯهل	Vorlage:Fontcolorـﻬَﻞ	هَل
Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).56 Folio 28, verso, l. 8, p. 103	ﻟ(ـٮـﻌ)ـو ٮں	Vorlage:Fontcolor	Vorlage:Fontcolor
Quran 37 (al-Ṣāffāt).58 Folio 28, verso, l. 9, p. 103	و ما ٮحں	Vorlage:Fontcolor نَحنُ	Vorlage:Fontcolor نَحْنُ

The page numbers refer to the edition by Sadeghi and Goudarzi.Vorlage:Sfn In their edition, a reliably read but partially visible letter is put in parentheses, while a less reliably read letter is put inside brackets. A pair of forwarding slashes mark an illegible area on the folio, while braces indicate a missing part of the folio. The list here does not include all the spelling variants. (Note: In the above table, parentheses or brackets are left out if they appear at the very beginning or end of a phrase, to avoid text alignment issues. Braces or forward slashes are preserved in all instances, but with the insertion of extra semicolons that help preserve text alignment.)

Characteristics of the hand in the lower text

Déroche characterises the hand in the lower text as "very gauche and irregular" and "not the work of a skilled professional", with much variation in letter shapes and sizes. Lines per page vary from 25 to 30, and sometimes stray markedly from the horizontal. There are occasional diacritical dots to differentiate consonants, but only one possible instance of a dotted short vowel indicator. Otherwise, the text is written for the most part in scriptio defectiva without indication of long vowels, except that particular words are written in scriptio plena, for which the letter alif indicates a long vowel. Both verse indicators and crudely decorated sura divisions are provided in the original hand, and there are indicators for divisions of 100 and 200 verses. Individual verse divisions are indicated by patterns of dots, although the form of these patterns varies in different folios of the manuscript. Given that many verse divisions have been lost entirely, and that residual letter elements from deleted words may present as similar patterns of dots, it is not possible to determine how far the verse divisions in the lower text correspond to any of the many known traditions of quranic verse division. However, it does appear that the basmala formula is sometimes counted as a separate verse, contrary to the later quranic standard.

Reading instruction

Visible in the lower text is the beginning of sura 9, which follows on from sura 8 in this text. Sura 9 At-Tawba is the only sura in the standard Qur'an which is not introduced by the basmala formula "In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful", the absence of the formula at this place sometimes being stated as indicating that the two suras 8 and 9 are to be considered as a single section of the Qur'an. Nevertheless, the lower text in the Sana'a palimpsest does introduce sura 9 with the basmala formula (on line 8 of folio 5a), but the following line then begins la taqul bi-smi Allahi ('Do not say "in the name of God"'). This notice therefore represents the intrusion of a non-canonical reading instruction into the body of the canonical text, undifferentiated from that text, and in this respect no parallel is known in the tradition of written Qur'ans. Moreover, by setting out the basmala formula, and then countermanding its being recited out loud, the text as it stands would create an uncertainty in ritual use to a degree that the conventions of quranic writing are generally designed to prevent.

Issues in current scholarship

Dating of the lower text

The lower text is believed to have been written sometime between 632–669 CE, as the parchment of the Stanford folio has been radiocarbon dated with 95% accuracy to before 669 CE, and 75% probability from before 646 CE. François Déroche puts the lower text to the second half of the 7th century. The lower text includes sura At-Tawba, which is believed in Islamic tradition to have been recited by Muhammad in 632 CE.Vorlage:Sfn

Relation of the lower text to other non-'Uthmanic quranic traditions

The lower text is only capable of being distinguished from the upper text in some folios, and several folios are so damaged as to be wholly unreadable, so Asma Hilali was only able to transcribe the lower text contents of 11 folios, in which she identified 61 non-orthographic variations from the 1924 Cairo edition. The variations observed in the lower text tend to be more substantial than those observed in the upper text, for the most part involving the addition of whole words and phrases. Islamic tradition has described that other than the standard 'Uthmanic Qur'an, there existed two independently preserved and copied Qur'an codices from Companions of the Prophet, those of Ibn Mas'ud and Ubayy b. Ka'b. Before the Sana'a manuscript, no partial or complete Qur'an codex in a tradition other than the 'Uthmanic standard had ever been found. And while early Islamic witnesses report readings found in these two alternative codices, they do not collate their full texts. Elizabeth Puin and Asma Hillali report little or no correspondence between the variations from the 'Uthmanic Qur'an that they have found in the lower text with those reported for Ibn Mas'ud or Ubayy b. Ka'b, whereas Sadeghi and Goudarzi claim to be able to identify extra variations in the lower text of the Sana'a codex with similarities to the codex of Ibn Mas'ud as well as differences. Hence they report an overlap between the variants of Ibn Mas'ud and the Sana'a manuscript, although there are variants in Ibn Mas'ud not found in the lower text and vice versa, with the differences much outnumbering the correspondences.Vorlage:Sfn Additionally, the Sana'a manuscript puts sura Tawba after sura Anfal, whereas Ibn Mas'ud's codex did the opposite.Vorlage:Sfn

Media coverage

A fragment showing part of Surat Ta-Ha

Puin and his colleague Graf von Bothmer have published only short essays on the Ṣana'a find. In a 1999 interview with Toby Lester, the executive editor of The Atlantic Monthly website, Puin described the preserved fragments by the following:

So many Muslims have this belief that everything between the two covers of the Quran is Allah's unaltered word. They like to quote the textual work that shows that the Bible has a history and did not fall straight out of the sky, but until now the Quran has been out of this discussion. The only way to break through this wall is to prove that the Quran has a history too. The Sana'a fragments will help us accomplish this.Vorlage:Sfn

Puin claimed that the Yemeni authorities want to keep work on the Ṣana'a manuscripts "low-profile".Vorlage:Sfn

In 2000, The Guardian interviewed a number of academics for their responses to Puin's remarks, including Tarif Khalidi, and Professor Allen Jones, a lecturer in Koranic Studies at Oxford University. In regard to Puin's claim that certain words and pronunciations in the Koran were not standardized until the ninth century, The Guardian reported:

Jones admits there have been 'trifling' changes made to the Uthmanic recension. Khalidi says the traditional Muslim account of the Koran's development is still more or less true. 'I haven't yet seen anything to radically alter my view,' he says. [Jones] believes that the San'a Koran could just be a bad copy that was being used by people to whom the Uthmanic text had not reached yet. 'It's not inconceivable that after the promulgation of the Uthmanic text, it took a long time to filter down.'Vorlage:Sfn

The article noted some positive Muslim reaction to Puin's research. Salim Abdullah, director of the German Islamic Archives, affiliated to the Muslim World League, commented when he was warned of the controversy Puin's work might generate, "I am longing for this kind of discussion on this topic."Vorlage:Sfn

Based on interviews with several scholars, Sadeghi and Goudarzi question Puin's claims regarding Yemeni suppression of research on the manuscripts and Puin's statement that the Yemenis did not want others to know that work was being done on them. For instance, they note that in 2007 Sergio Noja Noseda (an Italian scholar) and Christian Robin (a French archaeologist) were allowed to take pictures of the Sana'a palimpsest. They write that according to Robin, his colleagues were "granted greater access than would have been possible in some European libraries."Vorlage:Sfn They report a similar view from Ursula Dreibholz, the conservator for the restoration project, who describes the Yemenis as supportive.Vorlage:Sfn They quote Dreibholz as saying that the Yemenis "brought school children, university students, foreign delegations, religious dignitaries, and heads of state, like François Mitterrand, Gerhard Schröder, and Prince Claus of the Netherlands, to see the collection."Vorlage:Sfn

Sadeghi and Goudarzi conclude:

Although the Yemeni authorities' openness proved a boon to scholarship, they were to be punished for it. The American media amplified the erroneous words of G. Puin, purveying a narrative that belittled Yemen and misrepresented the work done there. The Arab press, in turn, exaggerated the American story. The outcome was a media discourse in Yemen borne of three stages of misrepresentation. This embarrassed the Yemeni authorities responsible for the House of Manuscripts, and the Head of the Antiquities Department had to defend before Parliament the decision to bring in the foreigners.Vorlage:Sfn

In the wake of the Birmingham Quran manuscript news story of 2015, Gabriel Said Reynolds, professor of Islamic Studies and Theology, published a commentary clarifying the unique differences between extant ancient Qur'an copies. He defines the lower text of the Sana'a palimpsest as ”a rare Qur’anic palimpsest – a manuscript preserving an original Qur’an text that had been erased and written over with a new Qur’an text.” Reynolds explains that the lower script of the Sana'a palimpsest ”has so many variants that one might imagine it is a vestige of an ancient version that somehow survived Uthman’s burning of all versions of the Qur’an except his own.” He concludes this finding is problematic because the Sana'a variants ”do not match the variants reported in medieval literature for those codices kept by companions” of Muhammad. Furthermore, Reynolds affirms the ”Sanaa manuscript... is almost certainly the most ancient Qur’an manuscript [and] contains a surprising number of variants, including completely different words.” Reynolds concludes that the Sana'a manuscript is ”our most ancient manuscript of the Qur’an [and] does not agree with the standard text read around the world today.” However with the radiocarbon-dating of the Birmingham Quran manuscript to before the year 645 with a 95.4% accuracy, the latter is believed to be older then the Sana'a manuscript, and is seen as the oldest Quran manuscript. Moreso, the discovery of a Quran manuscript by the University of Tübingen in 2014 also proved to date from the early second half of the 7th century. A more recent study of one of the most ancient Quran manuscripts by François Déroche was the Codex Parisino-petropolitanus, containing 46% of the text of the Quran, dated to the early second half of the 7th century, from around the same as the Sana'a manuscript.

See also

• Early Quranic manuscripts
• Codex Parisino-petropolitanus
• Topkapi manuscript
• Samarkand Kufic Quran
• Birmingham Quran manuscript
• History of the Quran
• Criticism of the Quran
• Historiography of early Islam
• Textual criticism
• Gerd R. Puin

Sources

• Behnam Sadeghi, Mohsen Goudarzi: Ṣan'ā' 1 and the Origins of the Qur'ān. In: Der Islam. 87. Jahrgang, Nr. 1–2, 2012, S. 1–129, doi:10.1515/islam-2011-0025 (scribd.com). 
• Behnam Sadeghi, Uwe Bergmann: The Codex of a Companion of the Prophet and the Qurʾān of the Prophet. In: Arabica. 57. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 2010, S. 343–436, doi:10.1163/157005810X504518 (scribd.com). 
• Elisabeth Puin: Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion II. Hans Schiller, 2011, ISBN 978-3-89930-345-2, Ein früher Koranpalimpsest aus Ṣan'ā' (DAM 01-27.1) – Teil IV. 
• Elisabeth Puin: Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion I: von der koranischen Bewegung zum Frühislam. Hans Schiller, 2010, ISBN 978-3-89930-318-6, Ein früher Koranpalimpsest aus Ṣan'ā' (DAM 01-27.1): Teil III: Ein nicht-‘uṯmānischer Koran. 
• Elisabeth Puin: Vom Koran zum Islam. Hans Schiller, 2009, ISBN 978-3-89930-269-1, Ein früher Koranpalimpsest aus Ṣan'ā' (DAM 01-27.1): Teil II. 
• Elisabeth Puin: Schlaglichter: Die beiden ersten islamischen Jahrhunderte. Hans Schiller, 2008, ISBN 978-3-89930-224-0, Ein früher Koranpalimpsest aus Ṣan'ā' (DAM 01-27.1). 
• Razan Ghassan Hamdoun: The Qur'ānic Manuscripts In Ṣan'ā' From The First Century Hijra And The Preservation Of The Qur'ān. 2004 (hamdoun.net). 
• Asma Hilali: The Sanaa Palimpsest; The Transmission of the Qur'an in the First Centuries AH. OUP, 2017, ISBN 978-0-19-879379-3. 
• Abul Taher: Querying the Koran. Guardian, 8. August 2000, abgerufen am 25. November 2014. 
• Jeffrey Lang: Response on the article "What is the Koran". The Atlantic Monthly, 2000, archiviert vom Original am 1. März 2001; abgerufen am 25. November 2014. 
• Toby Lester: What is the Koran? The Atlantic Monthly, 1. Januar 1999, abgerufen am 25. November 2014. 

Weblinks

• Codex Ṣanʿāʾ – Inv. No. 01-27.1: Mid-1st Century Of Hijra, Islamic Awareness
• Early Qur'anic Manuscripts, Islamic Awareness
• The UNESCO Restoration Project
• Islamic Collections from the Museum, (pdf) UNESCO
• "A Qur’an written over the Qur’an – why making the effort?"
• Sadeghi Behnam, Mohsen Goudarzi: Sanaa and the Origins of the Quran. (PDF) (Originaltitel: Ṣan’ā’1 and the Origins of the Qur’ān). In: Archive.org. Walter de Gruytur, 16. Oktober 2017, abgerufen am 13. April 2019 (englisch). 

[[Category:Quranic manuscripts]] [[Category:7th-century manuscripts]] [[Category:8th-century manuscripts]] [[Category:1972 archaeological discoveries]]